SCORPION

The architecture - to project and build art

Architecture - art to project and build. The architecture can express in artistic images of representation of the person about the world, time, greatness, pleasure, a celebration, loneliness and many other things feelings. Possibly therefore speak, that the architecture is the fallen asleep music.

Distinguish three basic kinds of architecture: volumetric constructions (cult, public, industrial, inhabited and other buildings); landscape architecture (беседки, bridges, fountains and ladders for squares, parkways, parks); town-planning - creation of new cities and reconstruction old. Complexes of constructions and the open spaces make architectural ensembles. The architect should care of beauty, advantage and durability of created constructions, in other words - aesthetic, constructive and functional qualities in architecture are interconnected.

During the different historical periods various building materials and the technologies essentially influencing creation of architectural designs were applied.

The modern level of development of technics, use of ferro-concrete, glass, plastics and other new materials allow to create unusual forms of buildings in the form of a sphere, spirals, a flower, a cockleshell, an ear and so forth.

  The basic expressive means applied in architecture - plastic of volumes, scale, a rhythm, proportionality, and also the invoice and color of surfaces. Architectural constructions reflect art style of an epoch, as well as product of any other kind of art. Artly-shaped party the architecture differs from simple construction. Architects create artly organized space which (ensemble) is the possible environment for synthesis of arts for human ability to live. World famous architectural constructions and ensembles are remembered as symbols of the countries and cities (a pyramid in Egypt, the Acropolis in Athenes, the Collosseo in Rome, Tour d'Eiffel in Paris, skyscrapers to Chicago, the Kremlin and the Red area in Moscow, etc.).

The basic directions and receptions of the modern art.

Abstraction - one of the basic ways of our thinking. Its result - formation most the general concepts and judgements (abstraction). In decorative art abstraction is a process of stylization of natural forms. Abstraction is present at art activity constantly; in the extreme expression in graphic creativity it conducts to abstractionism, a special direction in the fine arts of XX century for which are characteristic refusal of the image of real objects, limiting generalization or full refusal of the form, pointless compositions (from lines, points, spots, planes, etc.), experiments with color, spontaneous expression of a private world of the artist, its subconsciousness in chaotic, unorganized abstract forms (abstract Expressionism). It is possible to carry painting of the Russian artist of Century To this direction Kandinsky.

Representatives of some currents in abstract art created logically ordered designs, перекликаясь with searches of the rational organization of forms in architecture and design (a suprematism of Russian painter K.Malevich, constructivism, etc.) In a sculpture the abstractionism was expressed less, than in painting. The abstractionism was the response to the general disharmony of the modern world and was a success because proclaimed refusal from conscious in art and called " to concede the initiative to forms, paints, color ".

Realism - in art in a broad sense truthful, objective, all-round reflection of the validity by the specific means inherent in kinds of art creativity.

The general attributes of a method of realism is reliability in reproduction of the validity. At the same time realistic art possesses a huge variety of ways of knowledge, generalization, art reflection of the validity (G.M.Korzhev, M. B.Grekov, A.A.layer, And. M. Gerasimov, T.N.Jablonskaja, D.Korin's Item, etc.)

Realistic art of XX century gets bright national features and variety of forms. Realism - the phenomenon opposite to a modernism.

Avant-gardism - the  concept defining experimental, modernist undertakings in art. During each epoch there were innovative phenomena in the fine arts, but the term "avant-gardism" has affirmed only in the beginning of XX century At this time there were such directions, as Fauvism, a cubism, futurism, expressionism, abstractionism. Then in 20 and 30th years avant-garde positions are borrowed with surrealism. During 60-70-х years new versions of abstractionism - various forms actionism are added, work with subjects (pop art), conceptual art, photorealism, kineticism, etc. Artists-avant-gardists make the creativity the original protest against traditional culture.

In all vanguardist directions, despite of their big variety, it is possible to allocate the general features: refusal of norms of the classical image, formal novelty, deformation of forms, expression and various game transformations. All this leads to washing out of borders between art and a reality, to creation of an ideal of the open work of art directly interfering an environment. Art of avant-gardism is calculated on dialogue of the artist and the spectator, active interaction of the person with a work of art, partnership in creativity (for example, kinetic art, etc.). Products vanguardist directions at times lose the graphic beginning and are equated to objects of the surrounding validity. Modern directions of avant-gardism closely interwine, forming new forms of synthetic art.

Underground - the concept meaning "underground" culture, opposed to reserves and restrictions of traditional culture. Exhibitions of artists of a considered direction often passed not in interiors and galleries, and is direct on the ground, and also in underground transitions or the underground which in a number of the countries name a underground (underground). Possibly, given circumstance also has affected that behind the given direction in art of XX century this name has affirmed.

In Russia the concept a underground became a designation of community of the artists represented informal art.

Surrealism - a direction in the literature and art of XX century developed in 1920th years. Having arisen in France under the initiative of writer A.Breton, the surrealism soon became the international direction. Surrealists considered, that creative energy starts with sphere of subconsciousness which proves during a dream, hypnosis, painful delirium, sudden inspirations, automatic actions (casual wandering of a pencil on a paper, etc.).

Artists-surrealists unlike abstract artists do not refuse the image of really existing subjects, but represent them in the chaos, deliberately deprived logic interrelations. Absence of sense, refusal of reasonable reflection of the validity - main principle of art of surrealism. About isolation from a real life speaks also the name of a direction: "sur" in French "above"; artists did not apply for reflection of the validity, and mentally placed the creations "above" realism, giving out for works of art crazy imaginations. So, the number of surrealistic pictures included Ernest's similar works not giving in to an explanation in M. Chrism, I.Tangi, and also the subjects processed by surrealists up to unrecognizability.

The surrealistic direction which was headed by S.Dali, was based on illusory accuracy of reproduction of the irreal image arising in subconsciousness. Its pictures differ a careful manner of the letter, exact transfer of a treatment of light and shade, prospect that is characteristic for the academic painting. The spectator, giving in to persuasiveness of illusory painting, is involved in a labyrinth of deceits and unsoluble riddles: firm subjects spread, dense get a transparency, incompatible objects are braided and turned out, massive volumes get weightlessness, and all this creates an image impossible in a reality.

Such fact is known. Once at an exhibition before S.Dali's product long there was a spectator, closely peering and trying to understand sense. At last in full despair it has loudly told: " I do not understand, that it means! " Exclamation of the spectator was heard by S.Dali was at an exhibition. " As you can understand, that it means, if I do not understand ", - the artist, having expressed thus has declared main principle of surrealistic art: to write pictures not thinking, not reflecting, having refused from reason and logic.

Exhibitions of products of surrealists were accompanied, as a rule, by scandals: spectators were indignant, looking at ridiculous, not clear pictures, considered, that them deceive, mystify. Surrealists accused spectators, declared, that those have lagged behind, have not grown to creativity of the "advanced" artists.

 The general features of art of surrealism a fantasy of absurdity, an alogism, paradoxical combinations of forms, visual instability, variability of images. Artists обращалиссь to imitation of primitive art, creativity of children and insane persons.

Artists of this direction wished to create a reality, the nonreflecting validity prompted by subconsciousness on the cloths, but in practice it poured out in creation of pathologically repellent images, eclecticism and kitsch (it. - kitsch; cheap stuff, insipid mass production).

Separate finds of surrealists were used in commercial areas of decorative art, for example the optical illusions, allowing to see in one picture two various images or a plot depending on a direction of a sight.

Products of surrealists cause the most complex associations, can be identified in our perception with a harm. Frightening visions and idyllic dreams, violence, despair - in various variants appear these feelings in products of surrealists, actively influencing on the spectator, absurdity of products of surrealism acts on associative imagination and mentality.

The surrealism represents the inconsistent art phenomenon. Many really advanced art workers, understanding, that this direction destroys art, subsequently have refused surrealistic sights (artists of Item Picasso, Item Glue, etc., poets F.Lorca, Item Неруда, the Spanish director L.Bunjuel who has removed surrealistic films). To the middle of 1960th years the surrealism was replaced by new, brighter directions of a modernism, but freakish, mostly ugly, senseless products of surrealists till now fill halls of museums.

Modernism - a collective designation of all newest currents, directions, schools and activity of separate masters of art of XX century which are breaking off with tradition, pealizm and considering experiment by a basis of a creative method (fauvism, expressionism, a cubism, futurism, abstractionism, dadaism, surrealism, pop art, the оп-art, kinetic art, hyperrealism, etc.). The modernism is close to avant-gardism and opposite to academism. The modernism was negatively estimated by the Soviet critics as the crisis phenomenon of bourgeois culture. Art possesses freedom of a choice of the historical ways. Contradictions of a modernism as those, it is necessary to consider not statically, and in historical dynamics.

Pop art (English pop art, from popular art - popular art) - a direction in art of the Western Europe and the USA from the end of 1950th years. Blossoming of pop art has fallen to rough 60th years when in many countries of the Europe and America revolts of youth have flashed. Youth movement had no uniform purpose - it was united with pathos of denying. Young men were ready to throw out all last culture for a board. All this has found reflection in art.

Distinctive feature of pop art a combination of a call to indifference. All is equally valuable or is equally invaluable, equally beautifully or equally ugly, is equally worthy or not worthy. Perhaps, only advertising is based on the same is passionless-efficient attitude to all on light. Not casually advertising has rendered huge influence on pop art, and its many representatives worked and work in the advertising centers. Founders of advertising transfers and are capable to cut to pieces show of slices and to connect in the combination necessary to them a detergent powder and a known masterpiece of art, a tooth-paste and fugue Bach. Also the pop art precisely also acts.

Motives of a masscult are maintained by pop art differently. Real objects are entered Into a picture, as a rule, in unexpected or absolutely absurd combinations (by R.Raushenberg, R.Hemilton) by means of a collage or pictures. Painting can simulate composite receptions and technics of publicity boards, the picture комикса can be increased till the sizes of the big cloth (R.Lihtenstejn). The sculpture can be combined with models. For example, artist K.Oldenburg created similarity витринных models of foodstuff of the huge sizes from unusual materials

Between a sculpture and painting often there is no border. The work of art of pop art quite often not only has three measurements, but also fills with itself entirely an exhibition facility. By virtue of such transformations the initial image of object of a masscult will be transformed and perceived absolutely differently, than in a real household environment.

The basic category of pop art is not the artistic image, and its "designation" relieving the author from man-made process of its creation, the image something. This process has been entered with the purpose of expansion of concept of art and inclusion into it inartistic the figure-ности, "output" of art in area of a masscult. Artists of pop art were initiators of such forms, as happening, subject installation, envayroment and other forms of conceptual art. Similar currents: a underground, hyperrealism, the оп-art, etc.

Op art - a direction in art of XX century, the received wide circulation in 1960th years. Artists op arts used various visual illusions, leaning on features of perception of flat and spatial figures. Effects of spatial moving, merge, soaring of forms were reached by introduction of rhythmic repetitions, sharp color and voice-frequency contrasts, crossings of the helicoid and trellised configurations, coiling lines. In оп-арте installations of varying light, dynamic designs (are considered further in section kinetic art) were often applied. Illusions flowing movements, consecutive change of the images unstable, continuously reconstructed form arise in оп-арте only in sensation of the spectator. The direction continues a technical line of a modernism.

Kinetic art - a direction in the modern art, connected with wide application of moving designs and other elements of dynamics. Kinetism as an independent direction it was issued in second half 1950th years, however it was preceded with experiences of creation dynamic plastics in Russian constructivism (K.Melnikov, A.Rodchenko), дадаизме.

Earlier the folk art also showed to us samples of moving objects and toys, for example wooden birds of happiness from the Arkhangelsk area, the mechanical toys simulating labour processes, of village Bogorodskoe, etc.

In kinetic art movement is entered differently some products dynamically others will be transformed by the spectator, - fluctuations of the air environment, and the third are set in motion the motor or electromagnetic forces. A variety of used materials - from traditional up to supermodern means, down to computers and lasers is infinite. Often in kinetic compositions apply mirrors.

In many cases illusion of movement is created by a varying illumination - here kinetism is closed with op-art. Receptions kinetism are widely used at the organization of exhibitions, fairs, discos, in registration of the areas, parks, public interiors.

Kinetism aspires to synthesis of arts: movement of object in space can be supplemented with effects of illumination, a sound, a son of lumiere, a film, etc.

Receptions modern arts.

Hyperrealism - a direction in painting and a sculpture, arisen in the USA and become by event in the world fine arts of 70th years of XX century Other name of hyperrealism - photorealism.

Artists of this direction simulated a photo picturesque means for a canvas. They represented the world of modern city: show-windows of shops and restaurants, stations of the underground and traffic lights, residential buildings and passers-by in streets. Thus the special attention addressed on brilliant surfaces reflecting light: glass, plastic, polishing of cars, etc. Game of reflections on such surfaces makes impression of interosculation of spaces.

The purpose of hyperrealists was to represent the world not simply authentically. For this purpose they used mechanical ways of copying of photos and their increases till the sizes of the big cloth. A paint, as a rule, sprayed аэрографом to keep all features of the facsimile, to exclude display of individual handwriting of the artist.

Besides visitors of exhibitions of this direction could meet in halls the human figures executed from modern polymeric materials full-scale, dressed in a ready dress and painted in such a manner that they did not differ at all from spectators. It caused a lot of mess and shocked people.

The photorealism has put the problem to aggravate our perception of the ordinary, to symbolize the modern environment, to reflect our time in forms of " technical arts ", widely extended in our epoch of technical progress. Fixing and naking the present, hiding author's emotions, the photorealism in the program works has appeared on border of the fine arts and hardly it has not crossed, because aspired to compete to the life.

Ready-Made - one of the widespread receptions modern (avant-garde) the arts, consisting that the subject of industrial production is pulled out from habitual household conditions and is exhibited at a showroom.

The sense Ready-Made consists in the following: at change of an environment the perception of object changes also. The spectator sees in a subject exposed on a podium, not a utilitarian thing, and art object, expressiveness of the form and color. The name Ready-Made for the first time in 1913 - 1917 has applied M. Duchamp in relation to the to " ready objects " (to a hairbrush, a bicycle wheel, a dryer to bottles). In 60th years ready-made has received a wide circulation in various directions avant-garde arts, especially in dadaism.

Installation (from English installation - installation) - the spatial composition created by the artist from various elements - household subjects, industrial products and materials, natural objects, the text or visual information. Founders of installation were Dadaist M. Duchamp and surrealists. Creating unusual combinations of usual things, the artist gives to them new symbolical sense. The aesthetic maintenance of installation in game of semantic values which change depending on where there is a subject - in a habitual household environment or in a showroom. Installation was created by many artists of avant guarde of R.Raushenberg, D.Dajn, I.Kabakov.

Installation - the form of art widely widespread in XX century

Environment - the extensive spatial composition covering the spectator like a real environment, one of forms, characteristic for avant-garde arts 60-70-х years. Environment the naturalistic type, simulating interior with figures of people, was created D.Segal, E.Kinholts, K.Oldenburg, D.Henson's with sculptures. Similar recurrences of a reality could include elements of a crazy fantasy. Other type environment represents the game space assuming certain actions of spectators.

Happening - a version actionism, the most widespread in avant-garde art 60-70-х years. Happening develops as the event more likely provoked, than organized, however initiators of action necessarily involve in it and spectators. Happening has arisen in the end of 50th years as the form of theatre. In the further the organization Happening it is direct in the city environment more often or on the nature artists are engaged.

They consider this form as a sort of moving product in which an environment, subjects play not a smaller role, than alive participants of the action.

Action happening provokes freedom of each participant and manipulation with subjects. All actions develop under preliminary planned program in which, however, the great value is allocated the improvisations, giving an output to various unconscious promptings. Happening can include elements of humour and folklore. In happening the aspiration of avant-gardism to merge of art to current of the life was brightly expressed.

In 2005 writer Leonid L.Shimko declares revival of symbolism in its new literary trend - geosymbolism. In clause « About weight of symbols » Leonid Shimko characterizes geosymbolism as continuation and audit of Russian symbolism of the beginning of 20 centuries.

The conclusion.

Art is always conformable to time, it is modern and reflects outlook of a society as a whole. In turn, art renders strong influence on weights, therefore so it is important, the attitude of the artist to a life. Development of the diverse deformed directions in art, so-called pseudo-art, is conformable to the epoch.

All history of arts and architecture represents a living tissue constantly developing and changing. In any of epoch, whether it be classical art of Greece, the Italian Renaissance or old russian art, there was a struggle of tendencies, influences, struggle of old representations against arising qualitatively new displays.

However at all variability of forms of art within the limits of this or that period always there were rather steady art attributes – composite, plastic, rhythmic and others, defining style of this or that time.

The best representatives of culture: artists, schedules, sculptors, architects, cinematographers, actors, writers yesterday and today aspire to reflect the best ideas and feelings of mankind in the creativity, carefully to concern to masterpieces of world culture.

 (с)Leonid Shimko.

 http://geosymbolism.com/index.php/arts/art-modern/types-of-modern-art

Leonid Shimko – geosymbolist, editor-in Internet magazines "Scorpion" and "Moy-bereg